Quetzalcoatl in the Codex Telleriano-Remensis. When completely opened, the Borgia Codex is about 10.34 meters long (34 feet). Other outlines are rendered with somewhat thicker strokes, as is visible in the human figure’s legs and the feathers on the bird’s outstretched wings. For example, page 28 features five compartments—one in each corner and one in the center—each with a male hovering above a female.Codex Borgia, c. 1500, p. 28 (Vatican Library), note: the Vatican Library watermarks digital images.Glyphs for the days and year, Tlaloc (god) wearing the costume elements of Xiuhtlecuhtli (Fire Lord) and a goddess wearing the headdress of Chalchitlucue, Codex Borgia, c. 1500, p. 28 (Vatican Library)Each female wears an elaborate headdress but is otherwise naked. When folded, its nearly square pages, each measuring approximately 26.5 by 27 centimeters, can be individually appreciated. While manuscripts were both ubiquitous and esteemed in Mesoamerica, only twelve survived the destruction related to the conquest of the Aztecs by Spain, when most were burned or otherwise destroyed.
Helen Burgos Ellis, “Maize, Quetzalcoatl, and Grass Imagery: Science in the Central Mexican Codex Borgia” (PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2015).

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Cite this page as: Dr. Helen Burgos Ellis, "Codex Borgia," in Introduction to the Spanish Viceroyalties in the AmericasAbout geography and chronological periods in Native American artThe Mesoamerican ballgame and a Classic Veracruz yokeYaxchilán—Lintels 24 and 25 from Structure 23 and structures 33 and 40Mirror Pendant in the Form of a Bat-Human From Grave 5, Sitio ConteAbout geography and chronological periods in Native American artGlobal trade and an 18th-century Anishinaabe outfitJuana Basilia Sitmelelene, Presentation Basket (Chumash)Puebloan: Maria Martinez, Black-on-black ceramic vesselMission churches as theaters of conversion in New SpainThe Convento of San Nicolás de Tolentino, Actopan, HidalgoBiombo with the Conquest of Mexico and View of Mexico CityInventing “America,” The Engravings of Theodore de BryPortraits of John and Elizabeth Freake (and their baby)Gerardus Duyckinck I (attributed), Six portraits of the Levy-Franks family, c. 1735Ostentatious plainness: Copley's portrait of the MifflinsThe end of an era: Remington's The Fall of the CowboyInventing America, Colt's Experimental Pocket PistolSeneca Village: the lost history of African Americans in New YorkCultures and slavery in the American south: a Face Jug from Edgefield countyThe light of democracy — examining the Statue of LibertyRobert Mills and Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Lincoln Casey, Washington MonumentComplexity and vision: the Staff God at Chavín de Huántar and beyondInka ushnus: landscape, site and symbol in the AndesIntroduction to religious art and architecture in early colonial PeruSanctuary of Bom Jesus de Matosinhos of Congonhas do Campo, 1757-1872Mundurukú Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforestKayapó Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforestReceive occasional emails about new Smarthistory content. The first known documentation of it is in Italy: how it arrived there from Mexico is unknown. Because so few original codices survive, the continued study of the Codex Borgia is essential for our understanding of the pre-conquest cultures of the Americas.Ferdinand Anders, Maarten Jansen, and Luis Reyes García, Gisele Díaz and Alan Rodgers, The Codex Borgia: A Full-Color Restoration of the Ancient Mexican Manuscript (New York: Dover, 1993).Helen Burgos Ellis, “Maize, Quetzalcoatl, and Grass Imagery: Science in the Central Mexican Codex Borgia” (PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2015).

At Smarthistory we believe art has the power to transform lives and to build understanding across cultures.

Today, good facsimile copies are easy to find, and all of the images are online, providing access for modern researchers.Experts who have studied the codex believe it to be a Most of the ancient Mesoamerican books were burned by zealous priests during the Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the ​Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. In the early colonial period, indigenous scribes, friars, For example, page 28 of the Codex Borgia depicts Tlaloc, the god of rain whose iconography includes goggle eyes and fangs. In the bird’s claw, diagonal lines coming from opposite directions simulate texture.Detail, Codex Borgia, c. 1500, p. 23 (Vatican Library)Pre-conquest manuscripts like the Codex Borgia help us to understand indigenous thought before the arrival of Europeans and Africans; however, the writing is extraordinarily difficult to decipher as it consists entirely of images and glyphs (characters or symbols). He is a former head writer at VIVA Travel Guides.

Each of the surviving manuscripts bears the name of its European owner or the institution where it was or is now kept. Smarthistory’s free, award-winning digital content unlocks the expertise of hundreds of leading scholars, making the history of art accessible and engaging to more people, in more places, than any other provider.We believe art has the power to transform lives and to build understanding across cultures.

The codex bears his name to this day. It was most likely used by native priests to predict cycles of time and fate. The screenfold consists of 39 double-sided pages or 78 single pages, though only 76 of these are painted.


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