Front. It has become an attractive model for developmental studies due to its metamorphic transition from a mobile planktonic larvae to a sessile adults. 1995, 1996), which is the classical definition of yield heterosis (G riffing 1990). No specific permission was required for the location of the culture experiment.Samples of the fast-growing oysters used in this study were from the oyster breeding program conducted by our research group (In December 2017, 100 6-month-old Pacific oysters were collected from each of the two populations (thereafter referred as “breed” and “wild” groups) for use in this study. Annual production of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Korea, is 3.5 million ton, which occupies 90% of the total shellfish production (MIFAFF, 2012).Production of diverse lines through a breeding program and management of mother shell for the production of artificial seeds are essential to increase volume and quality of the oysters. Nucleotides carry packets of chemical energy in the form of the nucleoside triphosphates (ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP) and plays an important role in metabolism at the cellular level, such as synthesis of amino acids and proteins, movement of the cell and cell parts, and division of the cell (Gene functional annotation analysis showed that both differentially expressed genes and alternatively spliced genes were significantly enriched in long-term potentiation, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, ABC transporters, and salivary secretion pathways. Great enhancement of growth has been achieved as indicated by growth trial experiments, while the effects of artificial selection on the Pacific oyster genome remain unexplored. The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is a dominant species in many intertidal locations as well as an important aquacultured bivalve species.

Currently, triploid oysters are commercially cultured primarily in two species: the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, a species cultured worldwide, and the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, a species cultured along the East Coast of the United States and in the Gulf of Mexico. Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is a sessile bivalve living in the intertidal zone.

Genet., 28 June 2019

1). For aquaculture species, growth rate is especially important because aquaculture takes place in highly variable water environments, and improvement of growth not only can reduce the input cost but also can decrease the risk of economic loss by shortening culture time.

Therefore, fast-growing oysters possess superior energy budget for growth (Molecular genetic approaches have been rapidly developed in recent years, allowing for identification of genetic markers and genes that are associated with production traits in oysters. Generation of fast-growing varieties of animals by selection breeding approach would provide good materials with similar genetic background but contrast phenotype for genetic dissection of growth trait. Evidence of antiviral innate immune priming has been obtained in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (or Magallana gigas, Thunberg 1793), a main aquaculture species in the world that belongs to Lophotrochozoa, one of the widest groups in the animal kingdom that is still poorly explored regarding these processes. It is most easily identified by its blue-gray shell with highly fluted edges (Fig. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.This study was supported by the grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (31741122 and 31802293), Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (2017-2A04), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2017M622283), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (201812013).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.We are grateful to Chengxun Xu, Ziqiang Han, and the oyster breeding team of our research group for their assistance in maintaining and collecting the samples used in this work.The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at:

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