Enterically administered oseltamivir is the preferred treatment for most hospitalized patients, given the lack of data for intravenous peramivir in this population. 2011;17(8):1160–5.Lee N, Chan PK, Hui DS, et al. Clin Infect Dis. Complications among adults hospitalized with influenza: a comparison of seasonal influenza and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. 2011;37(2):272–83.Delaney JW, Pinto R, Long J, et al. Epidemiol Infect. Corticosteroid treatment in critically ill patients with severe influenza pneumonia: a propensity score matching study. A trial of corticosteroid therapy was planned during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, but was halted due to limited number of enrolees [Multiple studies have reported that corticosteroid treatment is associated with prolonged influenza viral shedding in hospitalized patients [Although neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir) are currently recommended for antiviral treatment of influenza in hospitalized patients based on observational studies, including in critically ill patients, there are a number of novel strategies and products for treating influenza in various stages of development. Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: a modelling study. Evaluation of intravenous peramivir for treatment of influenza in hospitalized patients. 2017;5(6):500–11.Hung IF, To KK, Lee CK, et al. The hidden burden of influenza: a review of the extra-pulmonary complications of influenza infection. N Engl J Med. Am J Pathol. The impact of rapid molecular diagnostic testing for respiratory viruses on outcomes for emergency department patients. This may also apply to indigenous people from other countries, including indigenous Australians and First Nations people.Jackson ML, Phillips CH, Benoit J, et al. Pediatrics. Euro Surveill 2018;23(43). 2016;144(4):741–50.Ferdinands JM, Olsho LE, Agan AA, et al. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of influenza. young children, elderly). 2019;210(7):316–20. Intensive Care Med. Estimating influenza disease burden from population-based surveillance data in the United States. Influenza virus and factors that are associated with ICU admission, pulmonary co-infections and ICU mortality. August 28, 2018 ed. Ther Drug Monit.

There are four types of influenza viruses: A, B, C and D. Human influenza A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics of disease almost every winter in the United States. Open Forum Infect Dis. PLoS Med. Available at: Reed C, Chaves SS, Daily Kirley P, et al. Effectiveness of influenza vaccine against life-threatening RT-PCR-confirmed influenza illness in US children, 2010-2012. Influenza virus-related critical illness: prevention, diagnosis, treatment.

Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;11(4):e0153003.Tinoco YO, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Uyeki TM, et al. 2011;183(9):1207–14.Lansbury L, Rodrigo C, Leonardi-Bee J, Nguyen-Van-Tam J, Lim WS. Factors associated with prolonged viral shedding in patients with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection. A study of MHAA4549A in combination with oseltamivir versus oseltamivir in participants with severe influenza a infection. 2014;48(8):1011–8.South East Asia Infectious Disease Clinical Research N. Effect of double dose oseltamivir on clinical and virological outcomes in children and adults admitted to hospital with severe influenza: double blind randomised controlled trial. 2015;10(3):e0118369.Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Broder KR, Walter EB, Fry AM, Jernigan DB. Populations at risk for severe or complicated influenza illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine. Clin Infect Dis. Influenza viruses A, B, and C (family Orthomyxoviridae, genera Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B, and Influenzavirus C) are well known as the causes of influenza.
2019;2:CD010406.Lee N, Cockram CS, Chan PK, Hui DS, Choi KW, Sung JJ. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Effect of influenza vaccination on the prognosis of hospitalized influenza patients. 2014;189(4):485–7.Taylor G, Abdesselam K, Pelude L, et al. Ann Intern Med. J Infect Dis.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother. The underrecognized burden of influenza in young children. Vaccine. Burden of medically attended influenza infection and cases averted by vaccination - United States, 2013/14 through 2015/16 influenza seasons. The authors were supported by their work at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USAInfluenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop H24-7, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30329, USAYou can also search for this author in
The elderly, young children, pregnant women, and those with underlying medical conditions are most at risk for severe complications of influenza.

Oseltamivir pharmacokinetics in morbid obesity (OPTIMO trial). Merckx J, Wali R, Schiller I, et al.

2014;59(12):e172–85.Nakamura S, Miyazaki T, Izumikawa K, et al. Intensive Care Med. 2011;52(4):447–56.Hung IFN, To KKW, Lee CK, et al. Delay in diagnosis of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in critically ill patients and impact on clinical outcome. Among these, types which are seasonal are Type-A and B. Type-A strains being the more severe and causes a pandemic, occurring once in several decades.Type-C occurs sporadically, not causing any seasonal epidemics.

2018;150:202–16.No external funding was received. J Crit Care. ClinicalTrialsgov [internet]. Intern Med J.

Clinical characteristics, evolution, and treatment-related risk factors for mortality among immunosuppressed patients with influenza A (H1N1) virus admitted to the Eur J Pub Health. JAMA. The influence of corticosteroid treatment on the outcome of influenza A(H1N1pdm09)-related critical illness. Available at: Wabe N, Li L, Lindeman R, Yimsung R, Dahm MR, Clezy K, McLennan S, Westbrook J, Georgiou A. Curr Opin Infect Dis.

J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. Impact of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration on the pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir carboxylate in critically ill patients with pandemic (H1N1) influenza. Clin Infect Dis. BMJ. With the combination of 2 proteins (H) and (N) on the surface of the virus, there are 144 different influenza A subtypes. CMAJ.


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