Limbless reptiles—snakes—may have vestigial limbs and, like caecilians, are classified as tetrapods because they are descended from four-limbed ancestors. Once they attain sexual maturity, the adults reproduce and die within days. The jaws become larger and are suited for carnivorous feeding, and the digestive system transforms into the typical short gut of a predator. Birds have pneumatic bones that are hollow rather than tissue-filled. Most species are ovoviviparous, that is, the fertilized egg is retained in the oviduct of the mother’s body, and the embryo is nourished by the egg yolk. Like reptiles, monotremes have one posterior opening for urinary, fecal, and reproductive products, rather than three separate openings like placental mammals do.

Figure 15.6.5: (a) Most salamanders have legs and a tail, but respiration varies among species. (credit a: modification of work by Valentina Storti; credit b: modification of work by Evan Pickett) 5.45 ). Lampreys are characterized by a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth, and some species are parasitic on other fishes. [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "authorname:openstaxconcepts" ][ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "authorname:openstaxconcepts" ]) are the most diverse group of amphibians, with approximately 5,000 species that live on all continents except Antarctica. The shells of bird eggs are composed of calcium carbonate and are hard and brittle, but possess pores for gas and water exchange. Because the early stages of development among vertebrates are so similar, it would Adult frogs use their hind limbs to jump many times their body length on land. Australian marsupials number over 230 species and include the kangaroo, koala, bandicoot, and Tasmanian devil (Figure 15.6.11).

The platypus and one species of echidna are found in Australia, whereas the other species of echidna is found in New Guinea. The vast majority of present-day fishes belong to this group, which consists of approximately 30,000 species, making it the largest class of vertebrates in existence today.Nearly all bony fishes have an ossified skeleton with specialized bone cells (osteocytes) that produce and maintain a calcium phosphate matrix. Electroreception has only been observed in aquatic or amphibious animals. In other vertebrates, the teeth can be replaced throughout life.Modern mammals are divided into three broad groups: monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians (or placental mammals). While male monotremes and eutherians possess mammary glands, male marsupials do not.The skeletal system of mammals possesses unique features that differentiate them from other vertebrates. Sudoriferous glands produce sweat and scent, which function in thermoregulation and communication, respectively. One of the most significant developments in early vertebrate evolution was the origin of the jaw, which is a hinged structure attached to the cranium that allows an animal to grasp and tear its food.

See more ideas about Classic corvette, Chevy corvette, Classic cars muscle. This led to less dependence on a water environment for development and allowed the amniotes to invade drier areas. The characteristics and evolution of primates are of particular interest to us as they allow us to understand the evolution of our own species.All primate species have adaptations for climbing trees, as they all descended from tree-dwellers, although not all species are arboreal. Prosimians include the bush babies of Africa, the lemurs of Madagascar, and the lorises, pottos, and tarsiers of Southeast Asia. This was a significant evolutionary change that distinguished them from amphibians, which were restricted to moist environments due to their shell-less eggs.

Shark teeth likely evolved from the jagged scales that cover their skin. Archaeoceti is an extinct parvorder of Cetacea containing ancient whales. FIGURE 16-15 Vestigial Organs and Embryology A. Crocodilians (Figure 15.6.8The Sphenodontia (“wedge tooth”) arose in the Mesozoic Era and includes only one living genus, Squamata (“scaly”) arose in the late Permian; living species include lizards and snakes, which are the largest extant clade of reptiles (Figure 15.6.8Snakes are thought to have descended from either burrowing lizards or aquatic lizards over 100 million years ago (Figure 15.6.8Turtles are members of the clade Testudines (“having a shell”) (Figure 15.6.8Data now suggest that birds belong within the reptile clade, but they display a number of unique adaptations that set them apart. Other species are viviparous, with the offspring born alive.One of the key adaptations that permitted reptiles to live on land was the development of their scaly skin, containing the protein keratin and waxy lipids, which prevented water loss from the skin. Most mammals are also diphyodonts, meaning they have two sets of teeth in their lifetime: deciduous or “baby” teeth, and permanent teeth. In the caudal region, elongate transverse processes take the place of ribs, and the haemapophyses are paired, one on each side of the Rose, Walter; The reptiles and amphibians of southern Africa; Pub: Maskew Miller, 1950Engelmann, Wolf-Eberhard.


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