He earned his bachelor’s and doctoral degrees from Harvard University in psychology, medicine and public policy.

For example, in ’76 having seen the so-called “Asian flu” of ’57 and the so-called “Hong Kong flu” of ’68, some experts believed that flu pandemics tended to recur on an 11-year cycle and they were prepared for an outbreak in the late 1970s.

It’s also important for the policy-makers to leave room to explain movement down the scale as well as up.A: In the decision-making, the fundamental strategic flaw was combining all aspects of response into a single “go or no-go” decision – the decision to proceed with characterizing the virus into a vaccine, to produce the vaccine, to test it and to deliver it to every man, woman and child in the USA – that was all decided and announced in March ’76 in one fell swoop. But ferrets that have had the human virus are not fully immune to the pig virus, showing that the two viruses have The virus is produced by a reassortment, in which human-adapted H1N1 swaps genes with an H2N2 bird flu. Do your own research as well.

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The outbreak lasted six months in total, from July to December 1968. He has devoted most of his academic career to the fields of health policy and medical decision-making. However, infections also trigger another reaction called cell-mediated immunity, in which certain white blood cells target and destroy infected cells. This will allow it to In the southern hemisphere, where it is winter, swine flu apparently Four major vaccine manufacturers report that their swine flu vaccines As autumn arrives in the northern hemisphere, experts are on tenterhooks: a particular worry is that swine flu Vaccination programmes begin in the US and Europe, but many healthcare workers are Production delays also continue to plague the deployment of vaccine. It seemed to come out of nowhere, but our timeline explains how the origins of the H1N1 pandemic go back more than a century It causes seasonal flu in every subsequent year. President Gerald Ford announced a plan to vaccinate everyone in the country.

The idea of an 11-year cycle turned out to have no predictive value.A: What we saw back in ’76 was that political leaders wanted to do the right thing but lacked technical expertise, and public health experts recognized the uncertainty of the threat yet wanted to convey the seriousness of the risk in a way that would overcome political inertia. The 1976 Swine Flu Pandemic.

© If you immunize very large numbers of elderly people, inevitably some will have a heart attack the next day, so you have to prepare the public for such coincidences.
Working with the media is still crucial. The virus that caused the 1957 pandemic, which lasted until about the middle of 1958, was also responsible for a series of epidemics that emerged annually until 1968, when the Hong Kong flu appeared. The responsibility of the technical expert here is to think hard and precisely about what is known and unknown, to portray the uncertainty in a way that is accurate and adjustable over time as circumstances change, and to communicate this to the policy-maker.

Viruses from the On 27 April, with 900 cases of suspected swine flu reported in Mexico, the World Health Organization (WHO) As concerns mount, it transpires that many countries are Treatment plans are shaken by the discovery of swine flu that is The US decides to use its standard formulation for flu vaccine, so no new regulatory tests will be needed. The 2009 pandemic virus is a variant on this 1998 flu, and behaves the same way.H5N1 flu, first identified as a threat to humans in Hong Kong in 1997, The threat posed by bird flu leads to the first real efforts to be made at Pandemic fears boost spending on flu research. When given to ferrets, it produces a disease whose symptoms are all but identical to the Iowan pig virus. But this year, a new strain of H2 flu emerges in Russia and spreads around the world, killing about 1 million people. For example, you can proceed to develop a vaccine, but you do not simultaneously need to decide whether to proceed with immunization, what its scope will be and who priority recipients will be.

As of 2009, the known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3. No one knows where it came from, though it looks like an H1N1 that circulated in the Soviet Union in 1950 and The antibodies people produce after being infected by this new seasonal H1N1 do not protect against 2009 H1N1. Third, 9/11 and the anthrax attacks in the USA have led to heightened preparedness for bioterrorism and natural disease outbreaks.


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